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ThereвЂ™s a husk that peels off, revealing a nutshell underneath. The leaves are alternate compound and the nuts have a вЂњdoubleвЂќ nutshell.

Identifying Features: These trees are deciduous hardwood trees found in North America and Asia. Pecan is a southern species of hickory with a flavor that resembles most other hickory nuts. It was once common for people to chew directly on the shaved bark for pain and fever relief. Black willow bark contains salicin, a predecessor to aspirin. Bark from several other species in the willow family, including the black willow, has been used since at least 400 B.C. Take a few sips every 2 hours, and continue until the symptoms subside. Scraping the bark off several twigs and soaking that in one cup of hot water for 10 minutes will give you a bitter tasting anti-diarrhea drink. Soak a clean cloth in this brew and apply it directly to boils, abscesses, carbuncles, and ulcers when no other medical treatment is available. Boil a handful of green leaves in one cup of water for 10 minutes to create an astringent. The leaves and bark have been used as medicine for centuries. Though not native, it prospers in any moist area and can be identified by its perennially depressed and droopy twigs and branches. Weeping willow is a common tree throughout North America. The wood makes great friction fire drills and boards.Д®dible/Medicinal Uses: To prepare willow as a medicine, pick one that you can easily identify. Range: Willows are commonly found in the moist soils of the cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.Д¬amp Uses: Most willow twigs and shoots are flexible and make great baskets. Identifying Features: The genus Salix contains over 400 species of alternate branched deciduous trees and shrubs, most with slender simple leaves and toothed edges. Most willow twigs and shoots are flexible and make great baskets. These trees can provide fire materials and pain relieving medicine. Willows may be large trees or small shrubby plants, but they are a great group to get acquainted with. Problems/Hazards: The levels of salicin vary from species to species (even tree to tree), do your research before you start using local cottonwoods for analgesic tea. It is from this original source that aspirin is derived. Though it is a fast-burning firewood, it is easily carved into bowls and spoons, and the boiled bark has long been a source for tannic acid to tan leather.Д®dible/Medicinal Uses: The bark of many poplar species, particularly the white poplar ( Populus alba) contain salicylates just like their cousins, the willows. Range: Native species can be found throughout North America and Asia.Д¬amp Uses: The soft wood is excellent for friction fire equipment and the cotton-like seed down is an excellent tinder additive. This group shows a wide genetic diversity, with some species topping out at 50 feet tall while others can grow to 150 feet. Alternate branches and a cottony seed down are also found throughout the genus.

Look for triangular or circular leaves with a long leaf stalk. Identifying Features: Often tricky to distinguish from one another, cottonwoods (the genus Populus) are deciduous woody plants in the willow family ( Salicaceae).

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In 1744, a Virginia Colony settler named Joseph Hampton spent a year living inside a giant hollow sycamore-with his two sons.ДЄ gulch full of cottonwood can give you the means to make fire in many different ways. Some 13-foot diameters have been recorded in recent times, and historic specimens were reportedly larger still. Sycamores can reach a massive size, with full-grown trees frequently exceeding 100 feet tall and 6 feet in diameter at the base. As flakes peel off in irregular patterns, they leave behind a mottled smooth bark with patches of green, white, gray, and tan. The odd bark is another key factor for identification: It can be distinguished from other trees due to its mottled appearance. Identifying Features: Large maple-like leaves often confuse observers, but look again and youвЂ™ll see that the leaves and branches alternate (while maple is opposite branching). Sycamore trees makes good firewood, and is also favored for woodworking. This multi-colored tree provides firewood, drinkable sap, sweet syrup, and even wooden items as diverse as bowls and bows. Problems/Hazards: The emerald ash borer beetle is wiping out this majestic tree, so familiarize yourself with it while you still can.

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